What does these lines on road means?

What does these lines on road means?

We travel almost daily on roads and see various lines that are drawn on the road. Sometimes we get confused between various patterns and color of the road line. Knowing road marking is very important when it comes to road safety. In this article, we will tell you the meaning of various types of road lines.

Dashed white line:-

The most basic marking on roads, it means you may change lanes and are allowed to overtake a vehicle when it is safe to do so. A white line separates lanes of traffic moving in the same direction.

Solid white line:-

Solid white lines separate two lanes going the same direction. Basically seen on areas of strategic importance, when the line is solid it means that you are not allowed to overtake the car in front of you and should drive in a queue. These are also often used in construction areas to discourage drivers from moving around too much.

White lines on both sides of the road


These solid white lines running along the edge of the road indicate the “shoulder” of the road and let you know that — if the line is on your right side — you’re headed in the same direction as traffic.

Single Solid Yellow Line

Used in areas where visibility is low, it implies you are not meant to overtake any vehicle and should drive on your side.

Double Solid Yellow Lines

Usually used on dangerous roads or 2 lane roads, it strictly prohibits anybody from crossing over into the lane with traffic going in the opposite direction. A double yellow line indicates that passing is not allowed from either side of the road. It is mostly used in 2 lane roads.

Combo of one dashed/one yellow line in the center

This means vehicles on the side of the broken line can cross the line to the other side. Vehicles on the side of the unbroken line cannot.

Also, note that these conventions are region-specific. So, now you know the meaning of various color coding of road lines.

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What is Sensex and Nifity?

 

What is Sensex and Nifty?

We daily hear words like "Sensex" and "Nifty" when we watch the news. These words are also related to the market but have you ever imagined what is the meaning of Sensex and Nifty? In this article we will understand the meaning of these two words with respect to the economy.

There are thousands of listed companies in the stock exchange (Stock exchanges allow investors to buy and sell shares of a company among each other in a regulated and legitimate space.) in India. And, it is not at all easy to track every single stock. Therefore, a smaller sample is calculated which acts as a representative of the whole market. This small sample is called Index (in other words, indicator) and it helps in the measurement of the value of a section of the stock market. The index is computed from the prices of selected stocks.

Sensex and Nifty are the two important indicators that are used to measure the behavior of the market. These market indices are known as a standard for portfolio performance. SENSEX (Sensitive Index) and NIFTY (Net Index of Fifty) are the benchmark index of India.

SENSEX:

Sensex, also called BSE 30, is the market index consisting of 30 well-established and financially sound companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE).BSE can revise this list of 30 with respect to time. So, if Sensex fluctuates, it reflects on the economy as well. For example, if Sensex goes up people become more interested in buying stocks because they think that economy is going to grow. But, if Sensex goes down, people tend to stop investing in the economy.

Let us understand it with an example, it is like trying to determine the ‘intelligence’ of a class of 500 students across various courses by taking the average marks of Top 30 students. The average result might be good but this may not necessarily be so. For better results we need to compare the averages across a period of time, or across classes as it is more helpful rather than looking at the average as a stand-alone factor.

NIFTY:

Nifty, also called NIFTY 50, is the market index consisting of 50 well-established and financially sound companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE). Nifty Index constitutes of 50 companies that are considered to be the nation's economy movers and shakers. Each of the 50 companies contributes some weightage to the Nifty Index and its fall and rise indicate the condition of our economy.


It is just like the fuel indicator of your vehicle. When the fuel Indicator is in the Red zone, you understand that your fuel tank is about to be empty and you need to refill it or else your vehicle will stop running. In the same way, when you are filling up your tank and the Indicator turns full in Green zone, you understand your tank is full and you should stop filling it or else it will spill out of the tank.

WHY DO WE NEED THESE INDICATORS?

The rise and fall of an index would reflect the composite performance of all these companies, and in turn it is the representative of the whole market. It is the barometer of the economy. Indices can be constructed to track the performance of stocks, bonds, currencies, volatility, prices among many other things.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SENSEX AND NIFTY:

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Why tractors have vertical exhaust?

Why tractors have vertical exhaust ?                            

Tractors are extremely important agricultural vehicles. These machines are ubiquitous across the globe and range from rather small lawn tractors to giant monster worth hundreds of thousands of dollars. However, most of them have something in common – their exhaust pipes are pointing straight up in front of the driver’s cab. Meanwhile exhaust pipes of cars are located at the back, typically at bottom of the vehicle. Why is that? We will discuss the reason behind the vertical exhaust in this article.


Following are the reason why tractors have vertical exhaust :

1) Tractor is a off-road vehicle, usually used in every terrain including water dominated areas, where, there are chances of water to get in exhaust pipe and causing harm to the engine and exhaust system itself.

2) Mounting the exhaust pipe in the front has an added cost advantage – that’s where the engine is and less pipework is required this way. Less pipework – less maintenance as well.

3) Many chemicals are spread on crops or plants by driving tractor on the space between plants. If exhaust system is horizontal and below the driver them harmful and hot emissions can harm the crop.

4.) A normal tractor is constituted of two major parts – it can be split in two, which is occasionally done to repair transmission. Having an exhaust running from front to back would make such repairs hardly possible or very difficult.

Special note - Sometimes the end of exhaust pipe is curved, or has a hinged cover flap which the gas flow blows out of the way, to try to prevent foreign objects (including droppings from a bird perching, rain drops, ice on the exhaust pipe when the vehicle is not being used) getting inside the exhaust pipe.

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Why train engine are always turned ON on platform?

Why train engines are always turned ON on platforms?

You might have noticed that diesel trains are never turned off. They are always left running when they are on platforms for 30 or 40 minutes. Have you ever wondered why would the railway department waste so much fuel if the train isn't moving! It seems a bit strange, right? We will discuss the reason behind this in this article.



1.) Every diesel engine has a battery and this battery is charged only when the engine is running, if this battery is not charged then the loco motive system of the train can fail. It takes about 20 minutes for the engine to restart when the red light comes on the way or if the diesel engine of the train is stopped for any reason. Apart from all this, a lot of diesel is required to start a diesel engine.

 

2.)If the engine is turned off for long periods of time, it takes another long span of time to pressurizer (as compressors take power from the engine) the brake lines. Trains, being large and heavy, need the optimal brake line pressure for its efficient stopping. For obvious reasons, loco pilots never compromise on brake line pressure.

     

3.)If the engine hasn't been started since long (or, if the engine is cold), it takes quite an effort to restart it. Depending on the size and construction of the engine, it can take 10 to 20 minutes just to start it


4.) In some countries a diesel locomotive also provide hotel load to the coaches powering the air-conditioners, lights and pantry.


5.)Diesel engines don't really use that much fuel when idling, especially compared to the potential problems caused by shutting them down, so the engines are left running unless the train is being berthed for the night


Today's trains have ‘Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)' in order to reduce the fuel consumption while idling. This is a separate system for powering all the electronics, and is also found in aeroplanes. APU can also help in reducing the emissions in diesel locomotives.

It is clear from above points that engine is not shut down to save diesel consumption. Now you know why the diesel engine of the train is not stopped. Let us tell you that in coming time we may not get to see the diesel engines of the train, because diesel engines are being tried to replaced with electricity and this will benefit both the railways and the environment.

   

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Why Large Disc at front and Smaller at Rear ?

Why Large Disc at front and Smaller at Rear?

As the car brakes, the center of gravity causes a torque (like a big wrench turning the car toward its nose) to force the car to its front tires.

The center of gravity of the car wants to keep going forward. The only thing slowing it down is the transfer of force between the road, and the contact patch of the tire on the road.
That force, which the tire makes with the road, is very simplistic...  That force is composed of only two things. The weight pushing down on the tire, and some number that makes up for the stickiness of the tire, and the terrain it is on.  A sticky tire on good pavement, a high number; a normal tire on ice, a low number.

Since that force on the tire is highly dependent on the weight on that tire, the amount of braking that the tire can do is directly related to the weight imparted on the tire.

As you can see from the above picture, the front tires can see a bit more weight than the rear under hard braking.
the highest braking capabilities are much higher on the front than on the rear, therefore, we must ensure that those brakes are up to the task.
How do we do that?
Well, it all comes back to torque. Torque is just some force that acts over some distance. It is for this reason that you might use a longer bar on a wrench that you are trying to get a stuck bolt out with.
Let's say you are trying to stop a big heavy tractor tire from spinning. Imagine that you put a little brake pad from the front of a bike a few millimeters from the center of the wheel.  It wouldn't do much would it? Then imagine that you put that same brake, with the same pressure, as far from the center as you could.  Imagine that you could actually put it a few meters farther than the tire. In fact, let's go all the way and say that you could put that little brake pad a few skyscrapers away.  That same little brake pad could do a LOT more to stop that tire.  It would be no problem.
This same principle helps us exert the extra force that we now know front wheels can receive. So bigger diameter brakes up front help even-out the pressure required to stop the car. Those higher forces require additional thickness  to transfer those forces through the disk, and into the hub.

Why Sports Car Have Less Ground Clearance ?

Why Sports Car Have Less Ground Clearance?

You might have observed that sports cars have very less ground clearance.Let us understand the reason behind it.

What is ground clearance :

Ground Clearance is also known as ‘ride height’ or simply ‘clearance’, ground clearance is the shortest distance between the ground and the underside of the frame (or chassis) of a vehicle. In other words, it’s the measure of the space between a flat, even surface (on which the vehicle is riding) and any part of the vehicle that’s not supposed to be in physical contact with the ground (like wheels and skis)

Why sports car have very low ground clearance?

1.Center of gravity:

Ground clearance determines a very important physical property of the vehicle: center of gravity. It is the point on an object where the total weight of the body is thought to be concentrated. In automobiles, low ground clearance implies that the center of gravity of the vehicle is low. This trait significantly impacts the handling of the vehicle. You see, a car with low ground clearance sticks close to the ground more strongly, and is therefore less likely to topple or roll over when abrupt and sharp turns are made. In contrast, a car with a higher center of gravity is more likely to be acted upon by outside forces that can move it laterally on the track and cause it to roll over.

2.Aerodynamics:

Aerodynamics is the way with which air flows over the vehicle.The upcoming air from the front tends to lift the vehicle.If the ground clearance is high in case of sports cars which run at high speed, the upcoming air will tend to lift the vehicle from bottom.So to avoid this,ground clearance is kept low.

High ground clearance versus low ground clearance

Whether the vehicle is going to have a high ground clearance or a low one depends largely on the conditions in which it’s going to be used. High ground clearance comes in handy when you’re driving on uneven terrain, like those in mountainous and rocky regions, by preventing damage to the undercarriage. It’s also helpful in remote, under-developed and rural areas where roads might not be even. You will commonly see high ground clearance in vehicles like SUVs, pickups and minivans.

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Why Long Wind Shield in Cruses Bike ?

                 

    Why Long Wind Shield in Cruises Bike ?

A windshield is typically installed to provide a fair bit of aerodynamic leverage for a rider riding at high speeds. It is primarily present to deflect the wind hitting your chest area, this is because the chest region forms one of the biggest wind barriers whist riding a motorcycle.

There are multiple reasons behind this,lets discuss all of them on detail:

1.Track racers will use it to tuck/crouch forward so as to only expose the top of the helmet to the wind blast. Being most aerodynamic is essential for that edge in performance.

2.While tours use bigger versions of the windshield to aid in deflecting debris, bugs and wind being blasted on their helmets.


3.Windshield diverts hot and dry air in summer season and will also divert cold and wet turbulent air in winter season.At the same time it protects you from rain, its very difficult to ride in high intensity rain.It act as a shield to high intensity rain hitting your face and chest.

4.After installing windshield,less air is pushing your face and body resulting in less fatigue,back pain,arm strain and more comfortable and fun ride. Less turbulence from wind results in more miles you can ride without fatigue.

5.While riding at night,usually it happens that flying ants attracted towards motorcycle’s beam light and sometimes hit our helmet instead.You can ignore this with windshield installed on your bike.Some strong fiber windshield even protect you from minor head on collision with road side animals or other vehicles.

6.Also windshields not just block the air flow coming onto you but they divert it in other directions causing a streamline effect. This gives the bike a bit more aerodynamic effect provided the windshield is properly fit, shaped and angled; else it could end up into all ways of bad. It is not that serious though.

So remember that having a windshield is always beneficial if you are into touring and high speed riding. But if you are riding in the city, you would not really feel a difference and this is the reason why windshield are provided in motorbikes of either high speed or that is supposed to cover longer distance.

Why No Stones on Metro Track?

      

        Why No Stones on Metro Track?

Why silencers are generally  placed on right side?

You might have wondered why does almost every motorcycle have its exhaust placed on the right, and not the left? It is not a design constraint as such and you can have the silencer on the left as well. But there could be many reasons otherwise.We will discuss these reasons in this article.


Manufacturers have just stuck to the design that was implemented on the very first internal combustion-powered, single-cylinder motorcycles.The first motorbike without pedal was having exhaust on the right side. Since then manufacturers decided to mount the exhaust on the right side of the motorcycle.
Apart from this other reasons that are important to consider are as follows:


1. The exhaust fumes would be a little farther from the pedestrian walking sidewalks on the left.

2. Lot of women and old people sit sideways and it is much more safer to disembark them to the left. Silencer to the right helps with that.

3. Usually, there's a chain sprocket on the left side and having the silencer on the right balances the mass to some extent.

4.The way we learn to ride a bike, usually the left foot comes off the foot rest first when we are braking to a stop. Having the silencer to the right minimizes the risk of the foot coming in the proximity to the hot exhaust pipes.

But,it need not to be necessarily on right . Sports bikes have both sides , some have under the seat. But in general the exhaust is placed on the right side for above reasons.